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In fact, in many flip bucket installations, the tail water levels are higher than the elevation of the bucket lip as a result of which the jet issuing from the bucket is submerged.
The cascading of the flow over the bucket lip and impinging at the base of the bucket, especially of small discharges in the case of low and medium head spill- ways, is yet another consideration while deciding the invert elevation.
y3 = Difference between downstream water level and bucket lip. ho = Difference between upstream water level and bucket lip.
This relationship can be applied only when the tail water does not submerge the bucket lip.
Pressures at the bucket lip can also be affected by the angle of the down- stream portion of the bucket lip as shown in Figure 9.
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